Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a persistent condition affecting the digestive system, is marked by the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.

Typical symptoms of GERD often include

Heartburn

• The discomfort is characterized by a searing and stinging feeling centered in the mid-chest, situated behind the breastbone, and has the potential to spread from the lower portion of the breastbone towards the throat.

Regurgitation

• Chest discomfort
• Feeling of queasiness or upset stomach
• Difficulties in swallowing or discomfort during swallowing

Inappropriate relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

1. Once the food is swallowed and travels through the esophagus, it triggers the production of stomach acid and pepsin (an enzyme) by stimulating specific cells in the stomach, which assist in the process of digestion.
2. A circular muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) acts as a protective guard at the lower end of the esophagus to block the reverse movement or reflux of the contents of the stomach contents into the esophagus.
3. Under normal circumstances, the LES relaxes in order to allow food that has been swallowed to pass into the stomach.

Lifestyle

• Obesity
• Consumption of alcohol
• Physical activity after a meal
• Vigorous exercise

Consumption of certain foods

• Foods that are high in fat or deep fried
• Acidic, spicy, or sour food products
• Carbonated drinks

• Esophagitis
• Tooth enamel erosion
• Irritation of airways
• Bleeding and red or black stool
• Barrett’s esophagus