Based on their shared traits, different types of personality disorders can be grouped into three clusters:

• Cluster A – Eccentric or Odd behavior.
• Cluster B – Erratic, Dramatic, or Emotional behavior.
• Cluster C – Fearful or Anxious behavior.

Each personality disorder has its specific symptoms, but some general signs may include:

• Distorted thinking patterns and beliefs.
• Difficulty with relationships.
• Poor self-image and self-identity.
• Emotional instability or detachment.
• Impulsive or self-destructive behaviors.
• Inflexible and maladaptive coping mechanisms.

Genes: Evidence suggests that certain personality traits and vulnerabilities may be heritable. People with a family member with personality disorders or other mental health conditions may have a higher chance of developing a personality disorder.

Neurobiology: Abnormalities in brain structure and functioning have been associated with certain personality disorders.

Environment

• Childhood trauma – Physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, neglect, or early loss of a significant caregiver can contribute to developing personality disorders.

Some common risk factors associated with personality disorders may include:

• Personality and Temperament – Some personalities and temperamental traits may make people more likely to acquire certain types of personality disorders.
• Co-occurring Mental Health Conditions – Mood disorders like depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders frequently coexist with personality disorders in people making it more difficult to diagnose and treat personality disorders.
• Cultural and Societal Factors – Cultural and societal influences can impact the expression and manifestation of personality disorders.